ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 11228-2 First edition 2007-04-01 Ergonomics Manual handling - Part 2: Pushing and pulling Ergonomie - Manutention manuelle - Partie 2: Actions de pousser et de tirer Reference number ISO 11228-2:2007(E) @ ISO 2007 by IHS under lic itted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO 11228-2:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by IsO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ?ISO2007 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, IsO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56. CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland @ ISO 2007 - All rights reserved ted without licensefrom IHS Not for Resale ISO 11228-2:2007(E) Contents Page Foreword Introduction 1 Scope 2 Terms and definitions.. 3 Recommendations.. 3.1 Avoiding hazardous manual handling tasks 3.2 Risk assessment. 3.2.1 Hazard identification.. 3.2.1.1 Force... 3.2.1.2 Posture. 3.2.1.3 Frequency and duration 3.2.1.4 Distance 3.2.1.5 Object characteristics 3.2.1.6 Environmental conditions. 3.2.1.7 Individualcharacteristics 3.2.1.8 Work organization .. 3.2.2 Risk estimation and risk assessment. 3.2.2.1 Method 1 Generalized risk estimation and risk assessment approach .. 3.2.2.2 Method 2 - Specialized risk estimation and risk assessment approach.... 3.2.2.2.1 Part A Muscle-strengthbased force limits, Fbr..... 3.2.2.2.2 Part B - Skeletal-based force limits, FLs 3.2.2.2.3 Part C Limiting force, FL . 3.2.2.2.4 Part D Safety limit, FR... 3.2.3 Risk reduction ... 10 Annex A (informative) Method 1 Pushing and pulling: general assessment checklist... 11 Annex B (informative) Method 2 Specialized risk estimation and risk evaluation... .. 20 Annex C (informative) Risk reduction methods . .40 Annex D (informative) Suggested approach for measuring push/pull forces ... .44 Annex E (informative) Application examples for Methods 1 and 2. .45 Annex F (informative) Method for determining combined strength distribution for a particular reference group..... 55 Bibliography ... .64 CopyrightInternatinal Oorganizain for standardizalirn ghts reserved ii Not for Resale ISO 11228-2:2007(E) Foreword IsO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (lsOmember bodies).The work of preparingInternational Standards is normally carried out through and non-governmental, in liaison with isO, also take part in the work. IsO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/lEC Directives, Part 2. adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. rights. IsO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11228-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics. Iso 11228 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics Manu